作者:王以燕,钟亚凤,赵永辉,韩招久,姜志宽
2006年世界卫生组织(WHO)公布推荐和汇总用于卫生杀虫剂农药名单、剂型和剂量等[1]。近日,发布更新推荐用于防治蚊虫的室内滞留喷洒、空间喷洒和控制蚊幼虫及长效防蚊帐和蚊帐处理杀虫产品的农药品种、剂型和剂量等。新公布的数据与上版相比,修订以上五种防治方法中的部分农药品种;分别标明剂型,体现其效果差异;剂量表示科学,有利操作和管理,这对我国农药管理和病媒防治等领域具有一定的参考价值,现整理报告如下。
表6.长效防蚊帐产品
参考文献:
[1] WHO. PESTICIDES AND THERID APPLICATION For the control of vectors and pests of public health importance, Sixth edition, 2006 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69795/1/WHO_CDS_NTD_WHOPES_GCDPP_2006.1_eng.pdf
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69795/1/WHO_CDS_NTD_WHOPES_GCDPP_2006.1_eng.pdf.
[2] WHO. WHO recommended insecticides for indoor residual spraying against malaria vectors, 2015 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Insecticides_IRS_2_March_2015.pdf?ua=1.
[3] WHO. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), quality control [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/en/.
[4] WHO. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), 2013-2014 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://who.int/whopes/resources/en/.
[5] WHO. WHO recommended insecticides for space spraying against mosquitoes, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Space_Spray_products_February_2016.pdf?ua=1.
[6] WHO. WHOPES recommendations and reports of WHOPES Working Group meetings. [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/wgm/en/.
[7] WHO. WHO specifications for pesticides used in public health. [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/newspecif/en/
[8] WHO. WHOPES-recommended compounds and formulations for control of mosquito larvae, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Mosquito_larvicides_Feb_2016.pdf?ua=1.
[9] WHO. WHOPES recommendations and reports of WHOPES Working Group meetings. [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/en/
[10] WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality - Volume 1: Recommendations, Third edition, incorporating first and second addenda, 2008[EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en/.
[11] WHO. WHO recommended long-lasting insecticidal nets, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Long-lasting_insecticidal_nets_February_2016.pdf?ua=1.
[12] WHO. WHO recommended insecticide products for treatment of mosquito nets for malaria vector control, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Insecticides_ITN_Malaria_Feb2016.pdf?ua=1.
2006年世界卫生组织(WHO)公布推荐和汇总用于卫生杀虫剂农药名单、剂型和剂量等[1]。近日,发布更新推荐用于防治蚊虫的室内滞留喷洒、空间喷洒和控制蚊幼虫及长效防蚊帐和蚊帐处理杀虫产品的农药品种、剂型和剂量等。新公布的数据与上版相比,修订以上五种防治方法中的部分农药品种;分别标明剂型,体现其效果差异;剂量表示科学,有利操作和管理,这对我国农药管理和病媒防治等领域具有一定的参考价值,现整理报告如下。
1. WHO推荐用于室内滞留喷洒防治疟疾媒介的农药
2015年3月2日,WHO发布更新推荐用于室内滞留喷洒防治疟疾病媒的农药和剂型(表1) [2-3]。与2006版内容相比,列入表中农药、类别、剂量均没有变化,此次更新仅增加标注各农药的剂型(多为WP及WG、SC等),体现持效期的差异;取消有效成分的危害分级。溴虫腈悬浮剂目前评估(类组:吡咯)在16th WHOPES工作组会议 (2013-7-22/30)和17th WHOPES工作组会议已提交报告(2014-9-15/19)[4]。
表1. WHO推荐用于室内滞留喷洒防治疟疾媒介的农药和剂型
序号
|
农药名称
|
剂型a
|
类别b
|
剂量
(g a.i./m2)
|
作用方式
|
持效期
(个月)
|
1
|
滴滴涕DDT
|
WP
|
OC
|
1-2
|
触杀
|
> 6
|
2
|
马拉硫磷malathion
|
WP
|
OP
|
2
|
触杀
|
2-3
|
3
|
杀螟硫磷fenitrothion
|
WP
|
OP
|
2
|
触杀、空气触杀
(airborne)
|
3-6
|
4
|
甲基嘧啶磷pirimiphos-methyl
|
WP, EC
|
OP
|
1-2
|
触杀、空气触杀
|
2-3
|
甲基嘧啶磷pirimiphos-methyl
|
CS
|
OP
|
1
|
触杀、空气触杀
|
4-6
|
|
5
|
噁虫威bendiocarb
|
WP,WP-SB
|
C
|
0.1-0.4
|
触杀、空气触杀
|
2-6
|
6
|
残杀威propoxur
|
WP
|
C
|
1-2
|
触杀、空气触杀
|
3-6
|
7
|
顺式氯氰菊酯 alpha-cypermethrin
|
WP, SC
|
PY
|
0.02–0.03
|
触杀
|
4-6
|
顺式氯氰菊酯alpha-cypermethrin
|
WG-SB
|
PY
|
0.02–0.03
|
触杀
|
<4
|
|
8
|
联苯菊酯bifenthrin
|
WP
|
PY
|
0.025–0.05
|
触杀
|
3-6
|
9
|
氟氯氰菊酯cyfluthrin
|
WP
|
PY
|
0.02-0.05
|
触杀
|
3-6
|
10
|
溴氰菊酯deltamethrin
|
SC-PE
|
PY
|
0.02–0.025
|
触杀
|
6
|
溴氰菊酯 deltamethrin
|
WP, WG, WG-SB
|
PY
|
0.02–0.025
|
触杀
|
3-6
|
|
11
|
醚菊酯 etofenprox
|
WP
|
PY
|
0.1-0.3
|
触杀
|
3-6
|
12
|
高效氯氟氰菊酯lambda-cyhalothrin
|
WP, CS
|
PY
|
0.02-0.03
|
触杀
|
3-6
|
注: a CS =微囊悬浮剂; EC =乳油; SC =悬浮剂; SC-PE =聚合-悬浮剂; WG =水分散粒剂; WG-SB =水分散粒剂-水溶包装袋; WP =可湿性粉剂; WP-SB =可湿性粉剂-水溶包装袋。b OC=有机氯;OP=有机磷;C=氨基甲酸酯;PY=菊酯。
2. WHO推荐用于空间喷洒防蚊农药
2016年2月5日,WHO发布推荐用于空间喷洒防蚊的农药、剂量、剂型、施药方式和环境(表2)[1,5-7]。此次更新比上版变动较大,农药品种由14个减少到5个(取消9个:杀螟硫磷fenitrothion、甲基嘧啶磷pirimiphos-methyl、醚菊酯etofenprox、氯氰菊酯cypermethrin、苄呋菊酯resmethrin、右旋苯醚菊酯d-Phenothrin、生物苄呋菊酯Bioresmethrin、苯醚氰菊酯cyphenothrin、氟氯氰菊酯cyfluthrin),增加1个混配产品(氯菊酯+S生物烯丙菊酯+胡椒基丁醚);增加标注各农药的剂型,体现室内外使用的差异(如马拉硫磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯仅允许在室外使用)和冷/热喷雾使用剂量的差异;取消了有效成分的危害分级。
表2. WHO推荐用于空间喷洒防蚊农药
NO
|
农药
|
剂型
|
室内
|
室外
|
||
(g ai/ 1000 m3)
|
(g ai/ha)
|
|||||
(冷)喷雾
|
热雾
|
(冷)喷雾
|
热雾
|
|||
空间喷雾
|
空间喷雾
|
|||||
1
|
溴氰菊酯deltamethrin
|
UL
|
0.5
|
0.05
|
0.5 – 1.0
|
0.5 – 1.0
|
溴氰菊酯deltamethrin
|
EW
|
-
|
0.05
|
1
|
-
|
|
2
|
高效氯氟氰菊酯lambda-cyhalothrin
|
EC
|
-
|
-
|
1-2
|
2
|
3
|
马拉硫磷malathion
|
EW,UL
|
-
|
-
|
112-600
|
112-600
|
4
|
氯菊酯permethrin (25 cis:75 trans; 10.35% w/w) + S-生物烯丙菊酯s-bioallethrin (0.14 w/w) +胡椒基丁醚piperonyl butoxide (9.85% w/w)
|
EW
|
0.55*
|
0.73*
|
-
|
-
|
5
|
精右旋苯醚氰菊酯d-d, trans-cyphenothrin
|
EC
|
0.1 - 0.2
|
0.2
|
3.5 -4.00
|
3.5 - 4.0
|
注:EC =乳油; EW =水乳剂; UL =超低容量液剂(ULV)。*:氯菊酯。
3.WHOPES推荐防治蚊幼虫的农药和剂型
2016年2月5日,WHO发布新推荐用于防治蚊幼虫的农药、剂型、剂量和范围(表3) [1, 3, 8-10]。此次更新比上版变动较大,农药品种由10个减少到9个(取消燃料油fuel oil和烯虫酯methoperene,增加多杀霉素spinosad),增加1个混配产品(氯菊酯+S生物烯丙菊酯+胡椒基丁醚);增加标注各农药的剂型,体现在不同水域环境使用剂量的差异;取消有效成分的危害分级。
表3. 世界卫生组织推荐用于防治蚊幼虫的农药和剂型
No
|
农药及含量
|
剂型a
|
类别b
|
剂量(ai)
|
||
通常(开放水体)
|
繁育水体
|
|||||
(g/ha)
|
(mg/m2)
|
(mg/L)
|
||||
1
|
苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种strainAM65-52 (3000 ITU/mg)Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strainAM65-52 (3000 ITU/mg)
|
WG
|
BL
|
125-750c
|
12.5-75c
|
1-5c
|
苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种AM65-52 (200 ITU/mg)
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, strain AM65-52 (200 ITU/mg)
|
GR
|
BL
|
5000-20000c
|
500-2000c
|
-
|
|
2
|
毒死蜱chlorpyrifos
|
EC
|
OP
|
11-25
|
1.1-2.5
|
-
|
3
|
除虫脲 diflubenzuron
|
DT, GR, WP
|
BU
|
25–100
|
2.5–10
|
0.02–0.25
|
4
|
氟酰脲 novaluron
|
EC
|
BU
|
10–100
|
1–10
|
0.01–0.05
|
5
|
吡丙醚 pyriproxyfen
|
GR
|
JH
|
10–50
|
1–5
|
0.01
|
6
|
倍硫磷fenthion
|
EC
|
OP
|
22-112
|
2.2-11.2
|
-
|
7
|
甲基嘧啶磷pirimiphos-methyl
|
EC
|
OP
|
50-500
|
5-50
|
1
|
8
|
双硫磷temephos
|
EC, GR
|
OP
|
56-112
|
5.6-11.2
|
1
|
9
|
多杀霉素spinosad
|
DT, EC, GR, SC
|
SP
|
20-500
|
2-50
|
0.1-0.5
|
多杀霉素spinosad 83.3
|
DT-单层
|
SP
|
250-500
|
25-50
|
-
|
|
多杀霉素spinosad 25
开放水体open bodies of water
在具有高有机质开放水体中防治致倦库蚊control of Culex quinquefasciatus in open bodies
of water with high organic matter
|
GR-缓释
|
SP
SP
|
250-400
1000-1500
|
25-40
100-150
|
-
-
|
注:a DT = 片剂; GR = 颗粒剂; EC = 乳油; WG = 水分散粒剂; WP = 可湿性粉剂;b BL =细菌杀幼剂; BU =苯甲酰脲类; JH =保幼激素类;OP =有机磷; SP =多杀霉素;c 制剂产品。
4. WHO推荐的长效防蚊帐
2016年2月5日,WHO发布新推荐的长效防蚊帐产品和其标准状态,由于长效防蚊帐是近期研发产品(表4)[6-7,11]。此表是新增加的,但该类产品已进入WHO的标准。
表4. WHO推荐的长效防蚊帐产品和标准状态
序号
|
产品类别
|
商品名
|
推荐状态
|
标准出版状态
|
|
1
|
溴氰菊酯涂膜法deltamethrin coated on polyester
|
DawaPlus 2.0
|
临时
|
发布
|
|
2
|
顺式氯氰菊酯嵌入法alpha-cypermethrin incorporated into polyethylene
|
Duranet
|
正式
|
发布
|
|
3
|
顺式氯氰菊酯涂膜法alpha-cypermethrin coated on polyester
|
Interceptor
|
正式
|
发布
|
|
4
|
溴氰菊酯嵌入法deltamethrin incorporated into polypropylene
|
LifeNet
|
临时
|
发布
|
|
5
|
顺式氯氰菊酯嵌入法alpha-cypermethrin incorporated into polyethylene
|
MAGNet
|
正式
|
发布
|
|
6
|
顺式氯氰菊酯嵌入法alpha-cypermethrin incorporated into polyethylene
|
MiraNet
|
临时
|
发布
|
|
7
|
氯菊酯嵌入法permethrin incorporated into polyethylene
|
Olyset Net
|
正式
|
发布
|
|
8
|
氯菊酯+增效醚嵌入法permethrin and PBO incorporated into polyethylene
|
|
临时
|
发布
|
|
9
|
溴氰菊酯嵌入法deltamethrin incorporated into polyethylene
|
Panda Net 2.0
|
临时
|
发布
|
|
10
|
溴氰菊酯涂膜法deltamethrin coated on polyester
|
Perma Net 2.0
|
正式
|
发布
|
|
11
|
组合型:溴氰菊酯涂膜层(加强侧边),与溴氰菊酯和增效醚嵌入层(帐顶)combination of deltamethrin coated on polyester with strengthened border (side panels), and deltamethrin and PBO incorporated into polyethylene (roof)
|
PermaNet 3.0
|
临时
|
发布
|
|
12
|
顺式氯氰菊酯涂膜法alpha-cypermethrin incorporated into polyethylene
|
Royal Sentry
|
正式
|
发布
|
|
13
|
顺式氯氰菊酯嵌入法alpha-cypermethrin coated on polyester
|
SafeNet
|
正式
|
发布
|
|
14
|
溴氰菊酯涂膜法deltamethrin coated on polyester
|
|
临时
|
发布
|
|
15
|
溴氰菊酯涂膜法deltamethrin coated on polyester
|
|
正式
|
发布
|
5. WHO推荐用于防治疟疾病媒的蚊帐处理农药产品
2016年2月5日,WHO发布新推荐用于防治疟疾病媒的蚊帐处理农药产品的有效成分、剂型和剂量(表5-6)[3,12]。此次更新比上版变动较大,在常规处理产品中虽然农药品种没有增减,但剂型有所变动,取消乳油,变更为水乳剂,体现环保和严谨性,剂量修改为有效成分量mg/m2蚊帐,比前版以每个蚊帐的吸附量(ml)表示更科学,25%溴氰菊酯WT增加了涂膜法;增加长效防蚊帐的产品,10%高效氯氟氰菊酯CS涂膜法的持效期可达30-36个月。
表5.常规处理产品
序号
|
农药
|
剂型及含量a
|
剂量b
|
1
|
顺式氯氰菊酯alpha-cypermethrin
|
SC 10%
|
20-40
|
2
|
氟氯氰菊酯cyfluthrin
|
EW 5%
|
50
|
3
|
溴氰菊酯deltamethrin
|
SC 1%,WT 25%;和WT 25%+粘合剂c
|
15-25
|
4
|
醚菊酯etofenprox
|
EW 10%
|
200
|
5
|
高效氯氟氰菊酯lambda-cyhalothrin
|
CS 2.5%
|
10-15
|
6
|
氯菊酯permethrin
|
EC10%
|
200-500
|
注: a EC =乳油; EW =水乳剂; CS =微囊悬浮剂; SC =悬浮剂;WT =水分散片剂; b 每平方米蚊帐含有效成分的mg 数; c K-O TAB 1-2-3®。
表6.长效防蚊帐产品
产品名称
|
产品类别
|
持药期
(个月)
|
ICON®MAXX
|
高效氯氟氰菊酯lambda-cyhalothrin10% CS +粘合双包装
剂量:家庭蚊帐62mg ai /m2(130cm×180cm×150cm);
剂量范围: 50mg ai /m2(家庭用大蚊帐)~83mg ai /m2(单人蚊帐)
|
30-36
|
参考文献:
[1] WHO. PESTICIDES AND THERID APPLICATION For the control of vectors and pests of public health importance, Sixth edition, 2006 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69795/1/WHO_CDS_NTD_WHOPES_GCDPP_2006.1_eng.pdf
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69795/1/WHO_CDS_NTD_WHOPES_GCDPP_2006.1_eng.pdf.
[2] WHO. WHO recommended insecticides for indoor residual spraying against malaria vectors, 2015 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Insecticides_IRS_2_March_2015.pdf?ua=1.
[3] WHO. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), quality control [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/en/.
[4] WHO. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), 2013-2014 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://who.int/whopes/resources/en/.
[5] WHO. WHO recommended insecticides for space spraying against mosquitoes, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Space_Spray_products_February_2016.pdf?ua=1.
[6] WHO. WHOPES recommendations and reports of WHOPES Working Group meetings. [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/wgm/en/.
[7] WHO. WHO specifications for pesticides used in public health. [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/newspecif/en/
[8] WHO. WHOPES-recommended compounds and formulations for control of mosquito larvae, 2016 [EB/OL]. Geneva. http://www.who.int/whopes/Mosquito_larvicides_Feb_2016.pdf?ua=1.
[9] WHO. WHOPES recommendations and reports of WHOPES Working Group meetings. [EB/OL]. Geneva.
http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/en/
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